I-Centrifugal metal castingikuvumela ukuthi udale izinto eziyisilinda ezingenasici nezingenalutho ngokunemba okumangalisayo. Le nqubo igqama ngekhono layo lokusabalalisa insimbi encibilikisiwe ngokulinganayo isebenzisa amandla amaphakathi, iqinisekisa ukuminyana okufanayo kanye nokukhubazeka okuncane. Ukusebenziseka kwayo ngezindlela eziningi kuyenza ibaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izimboni ezifana nezezimoto, i-aerospace, kanyeI-Metal Aluminium Die Casting. Ngokuphatha kahle le nqubo, ungakwazi ukuphakamisa ubuciko bakho, unciphise amaphutha, futhi ukhiqize izingxenye ezihlangabezana namazinga aphezulu kakhulu ekhwalithi.

Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile

• I-Centrifugalukubunjwa kwensimbiiphotha isikhunta ukwenza izingxenye eziqinile. Le ndlela inciphisa amaphutha futhi inikeza imiphumela yekhwalithi ephezulu.
• Landela lezi zinyathelo: lungisa isikhunta, ncibilikisa insimbi, uthele phakathi, uvumele ukuqina, futhi uhlole umkhiqizo wekhwalithi.
• Khetha iizinto ezifanele kanye namathuluzi. Izinsimbi ezinhle namathuluzi afanele enza inqubo ibe ngcono futhi umkhiqizo uhlale isikhathi eside.
• Lawula isivinini sokuphotha futhi ubuke izinga lokushisa eduze. Lezi zibalulekile ukuze uthole ukuminyana okufanele futhi ugweme izinkinga.
• I-Centrifugal Casting isebenza ezimbonini eziningi njengezimoto, izindiza, nezakhiwo. Kuyikhono eliwusizo ukufunda.

Ukuqonda i-Centrifugal Metal Casting

Iyini i-centrifugal metal casting?

I-Centrifugal metal casting iyinqubo yokukhiqiza esebenzisa amandla aphakathi nendawo ukuze ilolonge insimbi encibilikisiwe ibe izingxenye eziyisilinda noma ezingenalutho. Uthela insimbi encibilikisiwe esikhunjeni esijikelezayo, esisonta ngesivinini esikhulu ukusabalalisa impahla ngokulinganayo. Le nqubo ilungele ukudala izingxenye ezinjengamapayipi, izindandatho, nezihlahla ezinobuningi obungaguquki kanye nokukhubazeka okuncane.

I-Centrifugal metal casting igqamile ngoba iqeda ukungcola futhi iqinisekisa ukuqedwa okubushelelezi.

Le nqubo isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezifana nezezimoto, i-aerospace, nezokwakha, laphoukunemba nokuqinazibalulekile.

Indlela i-centrifugal force ebunjwa ngayo insimbi encibilikisiwe

Lapho isikhunta sijikeleza, amandla aphakathi nendawo aphushela insimbi encibilikisiwe ngaphandle aye ezindongeni zesikhunta. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuthi insimbi igcwalisa wonke amagumbi esikhunta, idale umumo ofanayo. Njengoba insimbi iphola futhi iqina, igcina isimo sesikhunta ngokunemba okuphezulu.

Ungacabanga ngamandla e-centrifugal njengesandla esingabonakali esiqondisa insimbi encibilikisiwe endaweni yayo. Ayigcini nje ngokulolonga insimbi kodwa futhi isusa ukungcola okulula ngokukuphoqelela ukuya phakathi nendawo, lapho kungasuswa khona kalula. Lokhu kubangela izingxenye ezinobuqotho obuphezulu besakhiwo.

Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zokusakazwa kwe-centrifugal

Ukusakaza kwe-Centrifugal kunikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa ezikwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo ezinhlelweni eziningi:

• Izingxenye zekhwalithi ephezulu: Inqubo ikhiqiza izingxenye ezinobuningi obufanayo kanye namaphutha ambalwa.
• Ukusebenza kahle kwezinto: Ungasebenzisa impahla encane ngenkathi uzuza amandla nokuqina oyifunayo.
• Ukuguquguquka: Isebenza ngezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa insimbi, i-aluminium, nethusi.
• Ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko: Isidingo esincishisiwe sokucubungula ngemuva konga isikhathi nemali.

Ithiphu: Ngokufunda ukusakaza kwensimbi okumaphakathi, ungakhiqiza izingxenye ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zomkhakha kuyilapho unciphisa imfucuza.

Le nqubo ishintsha umdlalo wamaphrojekthi adinga ukunemba nokwethembeka.

Inqubo Yokusakaza Ye-Centrifugal

Umhlahlandlela wesinyathelo ngesinyathelo wenqubo

Ukwazi kahleinqubo ye-centrifugal castingiqala ngokuqonda izinyathelo zayo. Isiteji ngasinye sidlala indima ebalulekile ekubumbeni izingxenye zekhwalithi ephezulu. Nansi indlela ongayenza ngayo:

1. Lungisa isikhunta: Qala ngokuhlanza nokushisisa isikhunta. Ukushisa kuqala kuvimbela ukushaqeka okushisayo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi insimbi encibilikisiwe ihamba kahle.
2. Ncibilikisa insimbi: Shisisa insimbi ekhethiwe esithandweni ize ifike endaweni yayo yokuncibilika. Sebenzisa igeji yezinga lokushisa ukuze uqaphe ukushisa ngendlela efanele.
3. Thela insimbi encibilikisiwe: Thela ngokucophelela insimbi encibilikisiwe esikhunjeni esiphothayo. Isivinini sokuzungezisa kufanele silungiswe ukuze sivumelane nosayizi nohlobo lwengxenye oyidalayo.
4. Vumela insimbi ukuthi iqine: Vumela isikhunta esiphothayo siphole. Amandla e-centrifugal aqinisekisa ukuthi insimbi yakha isakhiwo esiminyene, esifanayo njengoba iqina.
5. Susa ukusakaza: Uma insimbi isipholile, misa isikhunta bese ususa ingxenye eqediwe. Ihlolele noma yikuphi ukonakala noma okungahambi kahle.

Ithiphu: Gqoka njalo amagiya okuzivikela phakathi nenqubo ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha.

Ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo, ungakwazi ukuzuza imiphumela engaguquki futhi unciphise amaphutha emsebenzini wakho.

Izinto ezibalulekile zokusakaza kwe-centrifugal

Ukuze uphumelele ekubunjweni kwensimbi ye-centrifugal, udingaizinto ezifanele. Lezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo zithinta ngqo ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wakho wokugcina.

• Izinsimbi: Izinketho ezivamile zihlanganisa insimbi, i-aluminium, ithusi, nensimbi ekhonjiwe. Insimbi ngayinye inezici ezihlukile, ngakho-ke khetha eyodwa ngokuya ngezidingo zephrojekthi yakho.
• Isikhunta impahla: Isikhunta ngokuvamile senziwe ngezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside njenge-graphite, i-ceramic, noma insimbi. Isikhunta kufanele simelane namazinga okushisa aphezulu namandla e-centrifugal.
• Izinto zokugcoba: Sebenzisa izinto ezikhipha isikhunta noma izinto zokugcoba ukuze uvimbele insimbi encibilikisiwe ukuthi inganamatheli esikhunjeni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa isiphetho esibushelelezi.

Qaphela: Njalo khetha izinto zekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze uthuthukise ukuqina nokunemba kwezingxenye zakho.

Ukuba nezinto ezifanele esandleni kuqinisekisa inqubo yokulingisa ebushelelezi kanye nemiphumela engcono.

Amathuluzi nemishini esetshenziswa kule nqubo

Amathuluzi nezinto zokusebenza ozisebenzisayo zibaluleke njengezinto zokwakha. Bakusiza ukuthi ulawule inqubo futhi uzuze umphumela oyifunayo.

• Umshini wokuphonsa we-Centrifugal: Lo mshini uphotha isikhunta ngesivinini esikhulu. Iza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, njengokuma noma okuvundlile, kuye ngohlelo lwakho lokusebenza.
• Isithando somlilo: Isithando somlilo sincibilikisa insimbi ezingeni lokushisa elidingekayo. Ama-induction furnaces ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukusebenza kahle kwawo kanye nokunemba.
• Isilinganiso sokushisa: Leli thuluzi likusiza ukuthi ugade izinga lokushisa lensimbi ukuze ugweme ukushisa ngokweqile noma ukushisa ngaphansi.
• Igiya lokuzivikela: Izinsiza zokuphepha ezifana namagilavu, izibuko, nezimpahla ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa zikuvikela ezingozini ezingaba khona.

Ithiphu: Gcina amathuluzi akho nezisetshenziswa zakho njalo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi zisebenza kahle futhi zihlala isikhathi eside.

Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi afanele nezinto zokusebenza akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomsebenzi wakho.

Izinhlobo Zokusakaza Kwe-Centrifugal Nezicelo Zazo

Ukusakaza kwe-centrifugal okuqondile: Izici nezinhlelo zokusebenza

Ukusakazwa kwe-centrifugal okuqondile kuhlanganisa ukuphotha isikhunta endaweni eqondile. Le ndlela ilungele ukudala izakhi ezinobunjwa obulinganayo, njengezindandatho, ama-bushings, nama-flange. I-orientation eqondile ivumela amandla adonsela phansi ukuze asize amandla amaphakathi, aqinisekise nokusatshalaliswa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe.

Ungasebenzisa le nqubo ezingxenyeni ezidinga aizinga eliphezulu lokunembanamandla. Izimboni ezifana ne-aerospace nezimoto ngokuvamile zithembele ekusakazeni okumaphakathi okuma mpo kwezingxenye ezibalulekile. Isibonelo, ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izingxenye ze-jet injini kanye nezigubhu zamabhuleki.

Ithiphu: Ukushisa kuqala isikhunta ekusakazeni okuqondile kunciphisa ingcuphe yokushaqeka okushisayo futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphela kwezingxenye zakho.

Ukusakaza kwe-centrifugal okuvundlile: Izici nezinhlelo zokusebenza

Ukusakaza okumaphakathi okuvundlile kusonta isikhunta nge-eksisi evundlile. Le ndlela ilungele ukudala izinto ezinde, eziyisilinda njengamapayipi, amashubhu, nama-shafts. I-orientation evundlile iqinisekisa ukuthi insimbi encibilikisiwe isakazeka ngokulinganayo ngobude besikhunta, okuholela ekugqileni kodonga olungaguquki.

Le nqubo isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezifana nezokwakha kanye nowoyela negesi. Isibonelo, ungayisebenzisa ukwenza amapayipi, amasilinda asebenza ngogesi, nezisekelo zesakhiwo. Ukusakaza okuvundlile nakho kusebenza kahle ekukhiqizeni izinto eziningi ezinobukhulu obufanayo.

Qaphela: Ukulungisa isivinini sokuzungezisa ekusakazeni okuvundlile kukusiza ukuthi ulawule ukujiya nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina.

Vacuum centrifugal Casting: Izici kanye nezicelo

Ukukhishwa kwe-vacuum centrifugal kwenzeka ekamelweni elivaliwe elinomfutho womoya oncishisiwe. Le ndlela ivimbela i-oxidation kanye nokungcola, iyenze ibe ilungele izinsimbi nama-alloys ahlanzekile kakhulu. Imvelo ye-vacuum iqinisekisa ukuthi insimbi encibilikisiwe igcina izakhiwo zayo zangempela, okuholela ezingxenyeni ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Ungasebenzisa le nqubo ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukunemba nokuhlanzeka okukhethekile. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini zezokwelapha, ze-electronics, kanye ne-aerospace. Isibonelo, i-vacuum casting isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amathuluzi okuhlinza, izixhumi zikagesi, nama-turbine blades.

Ithiphu: Njalo qapha ingcindezi ye-vacuum phakathi nenqubo ukuze ugcine izimo ezilungile zokusakaza.

I-Mastering Centrifugal Casting Techniques

Amathiphu okuzuza ukunemba nekhwalithi

Ukunemba kanye nekhwalithi yizimpawu zeyimpumelelo centrifugal metal casting. Ukufeza lokhu, udinga ukugxila ekulungiseleleni, ekubulaweni nasekuhloleni.

• Lungiselela kahle: Hlanza futhi ushise kuqala isikhunta ukuze uqinisekise ukugeleza kwensimbi okubushelelezi. Sebenzisaizinto ezisezingeni eliphezuluukugwema amaphutha.
• Lawula isivinini sokuzungeza: Lungisa isivinini sokuphotha kwesikhunta ngokusekelwe kusayizi wengxenye nokokusebenza. Isivinini esisheshayo sithuthukisa ukuminyana, kuyilapho isivinini esinensayo sisiza ngezindonga eziwugqinsi.
• Gada izinga lokushisa: Sebenzisa igeji yokushisa ukuze ugcine insimbi encibilikisiwe phakathi kwebanga elifanele. Ukushisa ngokweqile kungenza insimbi ibe buthakathaka, kuyilapho ukushisa okungaphansi kungase kubangele ukugcwaliswa okungaphelele.
• Hlola umkhiqizo wokugcina: Hlola ukungahambi kahle kwendawo, ukuqhekeka, noma ukungcola. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kukusiza ukuthi uxazulule izinkinga ngaphambi kokuthi zande.

Ithiphu: Ukuvumelana kubalulekile. Landela izinyathelo ezifanayo kukho konke ukulingisa ukuze ugcine ikhwalithi efanayo kuzo zonke izingxenye.

Ngokugxila kulezi zindawo, ungakwazi ukukhiqiza izingxenye ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso zomkhakha futhi zidlule okulindelekile.

Izinselele ezijwayelekile nezisombululo

I-Centrifugal metal casting iza nesethi yayo yezinselelo. Ukwazi indlela yokubhekana nazo kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nemiphumela engcono.

1. Ukusatshalaliswa kwensimbi okungalingani: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho isikhunta sizungeza ngesivinini esingalungile. Isixazululo: Lungisa isivinini sokuzungezisa ukuze sihambisane nosayizi wengxenye nokokusebenza.
2. Ukushaqeka okushisayo: Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa okungazelelwe kungalimaza isikhunta. Isixazululo: Shisisa isikhunta ukuze unciphise ingcindezi ebangelwa insimbi encibilikisiwe.
3. Ukungcola ensimbi: Ukungcola kungawenza buthaka umkhiqizo wokugcina. Isixazululo: Sebenzisa izinsimbi ezihlanzekile kakhulu kanye ne-vacuum cast ezintweni ezibucayi.
4. Amaphutha ebusweni: Ukuqedwa okungalungile noma ukuqhekeka kungavela ngenxa yokupholisa okungafanele. Isixazululo: Vumela isikhunta ukuthi siphole kancane kancane futhi uhlole ukubunjwa ukuze uthole amaphutha.

Qaphela: Ukusingatha izinselele kusenesikhathi kuvimbela amaphutha abizayo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokulingisa isebenza kahle.

Ukuxazulula izinkinga ekusakazeni okumaphakathi

Ngisho nokuhlela ngokucophelela, izinkinga zingavela ngesikhathi sokusakazwa kwe-centrifugal. Ukuxazulula izinkinga kukusiza ukuthi ubone futhi uxazulule izinkinga ngokushesha.

• Inkinga: Insimbi ayigcwalisi isikhunta ngokuphelele
  • Imbangela: Ijubane eliphansi lokuzungeza noma insimbi encibilikisiwe eyanele.
  • Isixazululo: Khulisa isivinini sokuphotha kwesikhunta futhi uqinisekise ukuthi insimbi encibilikisiwe eyanele iyatholakala.
• Inkinga: Imifantu ekulingiseni
  • Imbangela: Ukupholisa okusheshayo noma ukusatshalaliswa kwensimbi okungalingani.
  • Isixazululo: Pholisa isikhunta kancane kancane futhi uhlole isivinini sokujikeleza ukuze uthole ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo.
• Inkinga: Ukungcola emkhiqizweni wokugcina
  • Imbangela: Insimbi engcolile noma ukulungiswa kwesikhunta okungalungile.
  • Isixazululo: Sebenzisa izinsimbi ezihlanzekile, zekhwalithi ephezulu futhi uhlanze kahle isikhunta ngaphambi kokubunjwa.

Ithiphu: Gcina uhlu lokuhlola lokuxazulula inkinga luseduze ukuze ulungise ngokushesha izinkinga ezivamile phakathi nenqubo.

Ngokuxazulula inkinga ngempumelelo, unganciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula futhi ugcine ikhwalithi yezingxenye zakho.

Ukukhetha i-Centrifugal Casting yephrojekthi yakho

Izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe ngokufaneleka kwephrojekthi

Ngaphambi kokukhethaukukhishwa kwe-centrifugalkuphrojekthi yakho, hlola ukuhambisana kwayo nezidingo zakho. Qala ngokuhlola umumo nosayizi wezingxenye ozidingayo. Le ndlela isebenza kangcono ezingxenyeni eziyisilinda noma ezingenalutho njengamapayipi, ama-bushings, namaringi. Uma iphrojekthi yakho idinga ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nokuminyana okufanayo, ukusakazwa kwe-centrifugal kuyisinqumo esihle kakhulu.

Okulandelayo, cabangela ukwaziswa ohlela ukukusebenzisa. Le nqubo isekela izinhlobonhlobo zezinsimbi, okuhlanganisa insimbi, i-aluminium, nethusi. Qinisekisa ukuthi insimbi ihambisana nokuqina namandla ephrojekthi yakho. Ekugcineni, cabanga ngevolumu yokukhiqiza. I-Centrifugal Casting ilungele kokubili ukukhiqiza okuncane nokukhulu, okunikeza ukuguquguquka kwezimboni ezihlukahlukene.

Ithiphu: Hlala uqondanisa indlela yokusakaza nezinjongo zephrojekthi yakho zobuchwepheshe nezomnotho ukuze uthole imiphumela ehamba phambili.

Izimboni ezihlomula ngokulingisa okumaphakathi

I-Centrifugal Casting idlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini eziningi ngenxa yokunemba nokusebenza kahle kwayo. Emkhakheni wezimoto, ikhiqiza izigubhu zamabhuleki, imikhono yenjini, nezinye izinto ezibalulekile. Izinkampani zasemkhathini zithembele kuyo ukuthola izingxenye zenjini yejethi nama- turbine blades, lapho amandla nokunemba kubalulekile.

Imboni yezokwakha isebenzisa le ndlela ukwenza amapayipi nezisekelo zesakhiwo. Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, kwakha amathuluzi okuhlinza kanye nokufaka ngokuhlanzeka okuphezulu. Ngisho nezinto zikagesi ziyazuza ngokusakazwa kwe-vacuum centrifugal, okuqinisekisa izixhumi nezingxenye ezingangcoli.

Qaphela: Ukuhlukahluka kokusakazwa kwe-centrifugal kukwenza kube yisu elibalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukene.

Ukuqhathanisa ukusakaza kwe-centrifugal nezinye izindlela

Ukunikezwa kokusakaza kwe-Centrifugalizinzuzo eziyingqayizivelengaphezu kwezinye izindlela zokusakaza. Ngokungafani nokusakazwa kwesihlabathi, kuqeda ukungcola futhi kukhiqize izingxenye ezinezindawo ezibushelelezi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokusakazwa kwe-investimenti, kuyashesha futhi kubiza kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezingamacylindrical.

Le ndlela iphinde ivelele ekusebenzeni kwayo kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Isebenzisa insimbi encane ngenkathi igcina amandla nokuqina. Ukwengeza, ukusakaza kwe-centrifugal kunciphisa ukucubungula kwangemuva, konga isikhathi nokunciphisa izindleko. Kumaphrojekthi adinga ukunemba nokuthembeka, ivamise ukudlula izindlela ezijwayelekile.

Ithiphu: Hlola izidingo zephrojekthi yakho ukuze unqume ukuthi ukusakaza okumaphakathi kuyinketho ephumelela kakhulu futhi engabizi yini.

Ingcweti yamasu okusansimbi ensimbi emaphakathi avula amandla okudala izingxenye zekhwalithi ephezulu, ezihlala isikhathi eside ngokunemba. Ufundile ukuthi amandla e-centrifugal abumba kanjani insimbi encibilikisiwe, wahlola inqubo yesinyathelo nesinyathelo, futhi wathola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukile zokusakaza okuqondile, okuvundlile, kanye ne-vacuum.

Ngokucwenga amakhono akho nokusebenzisa lezi zindlela, ungafinyelela imiphumela ehlukile.

Thatha isinyathelo esilandelayo ngokuzijwayeza njalo futhi ungene ezinsizeni ezithuthukile. Uma uzama kakhulu, uzosondela nakakhulu ekufezekiseni le ndlela yokusakaza eguquguqukayo nephumelelayo.

FAQ

Yiziphi izinhlobo zezinsimbi ezisebenza kangcono ekubunjweni kwe-centrifugal?

Ungasebenzisa izinsimbi njengensimbi, i-aluminium, ithusi, nensimbi yokusansimbi. Insimbi ngayinye inikeza izici ezihlukile, ngakho khetha eyodwa ngokusekelwe kumandla ephrojekthi yakho, ukuqina, nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza.

Ithiphu: Ezingxenyeni zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, i-vacuum centrifugal casting isebenza kangcono ngama-alloys nezinsimbi ezikhethekile.

Uzivikela kanjani izinkinga ekulingiseni kokugcina?

Hlanza futhi ushise kuqala isikhunta ukuze ugweme ukushaqeka okushisayo. Sebenzisa izinsimbi zekhwalithi ephezulu futhi uqaphe isivinini sokuphenduka. Hlola umkhiqizo wokugcina ukuze uthole imifantu noma ukungcola.

Qaphela: Ukulungiselela nokuqapha okungaguquguquki kuqinisekisa ukukhubazeka okumbalwa kanye nemiphumela engcono.

Ingabe i-centrifugal casting ingakwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhiqiza okuphezulu?

Yebo, ukusakazwa kwe-centrifugal kulungele kokubili ukukhiqiza okuncane nokukhulu. Ukusebenza kahle nokunemba kwayo kuyenza ifanelekele ukukhiqiza izingxenye eziningi ezinekhwalithi efanayo.

Isibonelo: Izimboni ezifana nezezimoto nezokwakha zithembele kule ndlela yokukhiqiza ngobuningi.

Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha okufanele uzilandele phakathi nenqubo?

Gqoka njalo izinto zokuzivikela, okuhlanganisa amagilavu, izibuko, nezimpahla ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa. Qinisekisa ukungena komoya ngendlela efanele endaweni yakho yokusebenza. Njalo hlola amathuluzi ukuze asebenze ngokuphephile.

Ukuphepha kuqala! Ukulandela lezi zinyathelo zokuphepha kunciphisa ubungozi futhi kuqinisekisa indawo yokusebenza evikelekile.

I-centrifugal casting iqhathaniswa kanjani nokusakazwa kwesihlabathi?

I-Centrifugal Casting ikhiqiza izindawo ezibushelelezi futhi iqeda ukungcola. Kuyashesha futhi kungabizi kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezingamacylindrical. Ukubunjwa kwesihlabathi, nokho, kusebenza kangcono kumajamo ayinkimbinkimbi.

Khetha indlela ehambisana nemigomo yephrojekthi yakho.